Vetopedia

Vetopedia is a glossary of terms used by vets in treating animals.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

AAFCOAssociation of American Feed Control Officials; an organization which setsstandards for pet food ingredients and minimum daily requirements.

AbdomenA region of the body between the chest and the pelvis; belly.

AbdominocentesisThe insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to remove fluids.AbscessA localized accumulation of pus; usually associated with infection.ACE InhibitorAngiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor: Drug which decreases the functionof this particular enzyme. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme changes a compoundcalled angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent blood vesselconstrictor. ACE inhibitors, then, have the effect of dilating blood vessels,since less Angiotensin II is produced.AcidA fluid containing a high proportion of hydrogen ions, giving the liquid a sourtaste. Measured by pH units, with 1 the most acid, and 14 the least acid. Chemicalreactions in the body have to take place at or near neutrality, pH 7.ACTHAdrenocorticotropic hormone. A hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, whichstimulates the adrenal gland to work.Activated CharcoalCharcoal which has been treated to increase its adsorptive power (ability tohave chemicals adhere to it); used to treat various forms of poisoning.Active ImmunityImmunity produced when an animal's own immune system reacts to a stimuluse.g., a virus or bacteria, and produces antibodies and cells which will protectit from the disease caused by the bacteria or virus. Compare with 'passive immunity.'AcuteHaving a sudden and generally severe onset. See also Chronic.Addisons DiseaseAddison's disease is also known as hypoadrenocorticism. It is a disease thatresults from a decrease in corticosteroid secretion from the adrenal gland.AdjuvantA substance added to killed vaccines to stimulate a better immune response bythe body. Common adjuvants contain aluminum compounds.Adrenal GlandsTwo small glands near the kidneys that produce many hormones required for life.AdrenalineA hormone produced by the adrenal glands that elevates heart and respirationrates; also called 'epinephrine.'AdrenergicCommunication between the nerves and muscles that uses epinephrine as the'messenger.' Adrenergic stimulation is what is involved in the 'flightor fight' response, which means the body is alerted to a danger of somesort and prepares to basically run or fight. Adrenergic stimulation resultsin an increased heart rate, sweating, and increased blood pressure.AdsorbentA solid substance which attracts other molecules to its surface.AdulticideMedication formulated to kill adult forms of a parasite.AerobicNeeding oxygen to live. See also Anaerobic bacteria.Aerobic BacteriaBacteria that require oxygen to survive and grow.AgglutinationClumping together.AlbinoAn animal that is completely white because it lacks the ability to make pigment.Its eyes are pale blue or pink.AlbuminA protein in the blood responsible for the maintenance of osmotic (water) pressurein the blood; also binds (attaches) to large molecules in the blood and servesto transport them; produced by the liver; also called 'serum albumin.'AldosteroneA hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that stimulates sodium (and thereforewater) retention and potassium excretion; important in blood pressure maintenance.AlimentaryPertaining to food or the digestive tract.AlkalineA substance with very few hydrogen ions, and a pH over 7. Lye is strongly alkaline.AllergenA substance that causes an allergic reaction, e.g., pollen.AlopeciaA loss of hair or baldness.AlveoliThe tiny microscopic areas of the lung where the actual exchange of oxygen andcarbon dioxide into and out of the blood occurs. Also called alveolus and alveolarsacs.AminoglycosideA class of antibiotics which act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesiswithin the bacteria which results in the death of the bacteria. Antibiotics inthis class include gentamicin (Gentocin), kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin,tobramycin, and amikacin. Many of these antibiotics are not well-absorbed fromthe animal's digestive system, so are often administered as injections, or usedtopically.AmylaseDigestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas which breaks down carbohydrates andstarches.Anabolic SteroidA type of steroid (not a corticosteroid like prednisone, cortisone, or dexamethasone)which promotes the building of tissues, like muscle.Anaerobic BacteriaBacteria which only live in an environment in which there is no or little oxygen,e.g., Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus.AnalgesiaPain relief.Anamnestic ResponseThe faster and greater immune response produced by an animal who has previouslyencountered that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for this moreefficient response. Also called 'secondary response.'AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction to somethingingested or injected. If untreated, it results in shock, respiratory and cardiacfailure, and death.AndrogenA hormone which produces male sexual characteristics, e.g., testosterone.AnemiaA condition in which the number of red blood cells present in the blood is lowerthan normal.AnesthesiaLoss of sensation or feeling; induced artificially with drugs to permit painfulprocedures such as surgery.AngiographyThe x-ray of vessels after injecting a contrasting fluid.Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor(ACE inhibitor) Drug which decreases the function of this particular enzyme.The angiotensin-converting-enzyme changes a compound called angiotensin I toangiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent blood vessel constrictor. ACE inhibitors,then, have the effect of dilating blood vessels, since less Angiotensin II isproduced.AnisocoriaA condition in which the pupils of the eyes are not of equal size.AnorexiaLoss of appetite.AnteriorPositioned in front of another body part, or towards the head of the animal.Opposite of posterior.AnthelminticMedication which kills certain types of intestinal worms; dewormer.AntibioticsUsually refers to drugs administered to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria;not effective against viral infections.AntibodySmall disease-fighting proteins produced by certain types of cells called 'Bcells.' The proteins are made in response to 'foreign' particles such as bacteriaor viruses. These antibodies bind with certain proteins (antigens) on foreignparticles like bacteria, to help inactivate them. See also Antigen.Antibody TiterA measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood. The test to measure antibodiesis usually performed by making a number of dilutions of the blood and then measuringat what dilution there is sufficient antibody to react in the test. For example,a titer of 1:8 (one to eight) means the blood can be diluted to one part bloodand seven parts saline and still produce a positive reaction in the test. Thehigher the titer (1:16 is higher than 1:8), the more antibody is present.AnticholinergicStopping the communications between certain nerves and muscles of the body includingthose of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. These nerves are called 'parasympathetic'nerves and do such things as constrict the pupils of the eye, stimulate contractionsof the muscles in the intestine, and slow the heart rate. Anticholinergic drugswould have the effect, then, of dilating the pupil, slowing contractions of theintestines, and increasing the heart rate.AnticholinesteraseA drug that blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase; this results in stimulationof the parasympathetic nervous system.AnticoagulationStopping the blood clotting process.AnticonvulsantA drug used to prevent or decrease the severity of convulsions.Antidiuretic HormoneA hormone produced by the pituitary gland that reduces the production of urinein the kidneys and therefore prevents water loss; also called 'vasopressin.'AntiemeticAn agent that decreases or stops vomiting.AntifungalDrugs administered to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi (plural of fungus).AntigenA molecular structure on surfaces of such particles as bacteria and viruses.This structure is recognized by the body as 'foreign' and stimulates the bodyto produce special proteins called antibodies to inactivate this foreign invader.See also Antibody.AntiprotozoalAn agent that kills protozoa, which are one-celled organisms such as Giardia.AntipruriticRelieves itching.AntipyreticA substance used to relieve fever.AntisepticA substance which inhibits the growth of bacteria, but does not kill them.AntispasmodicAn agent that relieves or decreases spasms in muscle. The muscle could include'smooth muscle' which is the type of muscle in intestines that causes them tocontract and move food through the digestive system.AntitussiveCough suppressant.AnuriaThe condition of complete failure in the function of the kidneys such that nourine is produced.AnusA muscular opening at the end of the digestive tract where fecal waste is expelled.Aplastic AnemiaA serious condition in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and plateletsare not produced in sufficient quantity.AquacultureThe (usually commercial) captive raising of fish, corals, and other aquatic lifefor aquariums, food, and scientific purposes.Aqueous HumorThe fluid found within the eyeball which provides nourishment to the interioreye structures and keeps the eyeball inflated.ArrhythmiaA variation from normal heart rhythm.ArteriesThick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the lungs and bodytissues; the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, but allother arteries carry oxygenated blood.ArthritisInflammation and swelling in the joints; has multiple causes including lameness.ArticularPertaining to a joint.AscaridRoundworm.AscitesFluid accumulation in the abdomen.AspirateWithdraw fluid or cells through the use of suction - usually the suction producedby pulling back on the plunger of a syringe attached to a needle which is insertedinto the area to be sampled. Also the breathing in of a fluid or foreign substances.AsymptomaticA term used to decide a condition in which no symptoms are present.AtaxiaA lack of muscle coordination, usually causing an abnormal or staggered gait.AtollA coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon.AtopyAn allergy to something that is inhaled such as pollen or house dust. Also called'inhalant allergy.'ATPAdenosine triphosphate; a compound used for energy by cells.Atrial FibrillationA heart condition in which the atria (chambers of the heart that receive theblood) contract rapidly, irregularly, and independently of the ventricles (thechambers of the heart that pump the blood). This greatly decreases the efficiencyof the heart and its ability to move blood.Atrial FlutterA heart condition in which the atria (chambers of the heart that receive theblood) contract rapidly, irregularly, and independently of the ventricles (thechambers of the heart that pump the blood). This greatly decreases the efficiencyof the heart and its ability to move blood.Atrium(Plural atria) The two chambers of the heart that receive blood. The right atriumreceives blood from the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood fromthe lungs.AtrophyAn abnormal decrease in size of an organ or tissue.AttenuatedWeakened. An attenuated virus is one which has been changed such that it willno longer cause disease. An attenuated virus would be used in a modified livevaccine.AuscultateTo listen for sounds produced within the body, usually with the aid of a stethoscope.AutoimmuneA condition in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. To properlyfunction, the immune system must identify foreign substances such as bacteria,viruses, parasites, slivers, etc., and it must be able to distinguish normalbody tissue from these foreign substances. If it fails to distinguish the difference,it attempts to destroy the tissue it wrongly identifies as foreign. For example,in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the body destroys its own red blood cells. Inrheumatoid arthritis it attacks the cells in the joints.AxillaArmpit.AzotemiaThe presence of increased nitrogenous (containing nitrogen) waste products inthe blood as a result of kidney malfunction.BB CellAlso called 'B lymphocyte.' The type of lymphocyte which produces antibody.Compare with 'T cells.'BacteriocidalA description of an agent that kills bacteria.BacteriostaticA description of an agent that stops the growth (reproduction) of bacteria, butdoes NOT kill them.BacteriumMicroscopic organisms that lack nuclei and other organelles; pathogenic speciescause disease, while nonpathogenic species are harmless.BenignA mild illness or non-malignant form of a tumor. Benign tumors usually have welldefined edges and tend to grow slowly.Beta BlockersHeart medications which block certain receptors in the heart called beta receptors.The beta receptors receive signals which generally increase the heart rate. Ifthe heart rate is abnormally fast and uneven, beta blockers will help stabilizethe rate and rhythm of contractions.Beta-CaroteneA plant pigment which can be converted to Vitamin A by many animals, but notby cats.Beta-LactamasesEnzymes produced by some bacteria which inactivate certain types of penicillin,thus making the bacteria resistant to them.BilateralOn both sides.BileA liquid produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and dispensed intothe small intestine as needed; aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.Bile AcidsCertain compounds produced by the liver, bound to amino acids, and excreted inthe bile to aid in the digestion of fats.BilirubinAn orange-yellow pigment in bile that is a product of red blood cell breakdown;it is normally excreted with the urine or feces, and a buildup in the body cancause jaundice.BiopsyThe surgical removal of a small amount of abnormal tissue, usually of tumors,for diagnosis.BitchA female dog.BladderA sac that receives and holds a liquid until it is excreted, e.g., urinary bladder,gall bladder; in fish, the swim bladder holds air.BlepharospasmSpasm of the eyelids often resulting in complete closure of the lids due to eyepain, such as seen with a scratch on the cornea.BloatFilling of the stomach with air.Blood GasesGases, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide, that are in the blood.Blood GlucoseA graph of blood glucose levels over time. At the time of insulin injection,and at regular intervals throughout the day, the level of glucose in the bloodis determined through laboratory testing.Bone MarrowA soft tissue composed of blood vessels and connective tissues found at the centerof bones; the primary function is blood cell production.Bone Marrow SuppressionA condition in which the cells of the bone marrow which produce red blood cells,white blood cells, and platelets are inhibited. This may result from the useof certain drugs, such as anti-cancer agents.BorborygmusThe sound of gas moving through the intestine; bowel sounds.BradycardiaAn abnormal slowing of the heart rate.BronchiThe plural of bronchus, the large air passages of the lungs.BronchioleThe small airways in the lung that come off of the larger bronchus; bronchiolesare 1 mm or less in diameter.BronchodilatorMedication which opens up the main air passages to the lungs.BronchoscopeA tool designed to facilitate inspection of the trachea and bronchi; used inboth diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.BronchoscopyThe internal inspection of the trachea and bronchi using a bronchoscope.BronchospasmA condition in which the muscles surrounding the air passages to the lungs contract,narrowing the passages.BUNShort for 'blood urea nitrogen,' a blood test that estimates kidney function.C CachexiaExtreme weight loss.CalcifiedThe hardening of tissue through the influx of calcium, usually as a result ofchronic inflammation.Calculus(Plural calculi) Abnormal stone-like structure(s) usually composed of mineralsalts, e.g., a bladder calculus is the same thing as a bladder stone.CalorieThe unit of measurement of energy derived from digested food. Fat contains abouttwice as many calories per gram as protein or carbohydrate.CancerA malignant tumor.CandidaA certain genus of yeast which can cause disease in humans and animals; an infectionwith Candida is called candidiasis.CaninePertaining to dogs.CarapaceThe upper shell of a turtle or tortoise.CarbohydrateCompounds made up of chains of sugar units. Simple carbohydrates include tablesugar (sucrose), milk sugar (lactose), and fruit sugar (fructose). Complex carbohydratesare very long chains held together by bonds that may not be digestible in thestomach and intestine of a carnivore. Starch is a digestible complex carbohydrate.Seed hulls such as oat bran are digestible by ruminants and horses, but not carnivores.CarcinogenA substance which causes cancer.CarcinomaA malignant cancer that arises from the epithelial tissues of the body such asthe skin, intestinal tract, and bladder.CardiacRelated to the heart.CardiomyopathyDiseases of the heart muscle; does not include diseases of the valves of theheart or congenital defects.CardiopulmonaryRelating to the heart and lungs.CardiovascularRelated to the heart and blood vessels.CarnivoreAn animal whose natural diet includes meat.CarpusThe wrist (front leg) of dogs and cats.CarrierAn animal which harbors an infectious organism, such as a virus, bacteria, orparasite. The animal does not appear ill, but can still transmit the organismto other animals by direct contact or releasing the organisms (bacteria, protozoa,viruses) into the environment in the stool, urine, respiratory secretions, orvaginal discharges.CastrationThe removal of the sex organs making the animal incapable of reproduction; thecorrect use of the word can be used to describe both male and female animals,but it is commonly used to describe only males.CataractA cloudiness of the lens of the eye, reducing vision and giving the eye a pearlyappearance.CaudalA directional term used to refer to an area more toward the cauda, or tail region;opposite of cranial.Caval SyndromeDisease caused by large numbers of worms in the right side of the heart and venacava, which results in blood circulation problems in the liver leading to thebreakdown of red blood cells, anemia, weakness, and collapse.CecumA blind sac that opens into the colon; found in many animals.Cell-Mediated ImmunityThe immunity that is the result of either special lymphocytes directly killingthe foreign invader, or lymphocytes (T cells) releasing special chemicals whichactivate macrophages to kill the invader. Compare with 'humoral immunity.'CentrifugeA machine that rapidly spins liquid samples and separates out the particles bytheir density.CerebellumA portion of the brain, located on the brainstem, that controls coordination.CerebralRelating to the part of the brain known as the cerebrum.CerebrumThe largest portion of the brain that performs all higher cognitive functionsand is situated in the front part of the cranial cavity.ChelationBinding of a substance to a metal, thus helping the body to remove it.ChemotherapyTreatment of a disease with chemical agents (drugs); the term is most commonlyused to describe the treatment of cancer with medication.Choana(Plural choanae) An opening between the nasal cavity and oropharynx (mouth) inbirds and reptiles.CholangiohepatitisInflammation of the gall bladder, bile ducts, and liver.CholangitisInflammation of a bile duct; see cholecystitis.CholecystitisInflammation of the gallbladder; see cholangitis.ChondroitinDecreases the activity of enzymes which break down cartilage in a joint.Chondroprotective AgentA nutritional supplement that protects cartilage.ChronicOf a long duration: a chronic illness persists for weeks, months, or even forthe life of animal. See also acute.Chronic Superficial KeratitisA chronic condition of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea(the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened;it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition is also called pannus.CirrhosisA liver disease caused by the replacement of damaged cells with connective tissue;severe scarring can eventually cause liver failure.Class I, II, III, IV MedicationsDrugs are classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Departmentof Justice depending upon such criteria as the potential for human abuse.Clinical StudyA planned examination of the effectiveness of a new drug or treatment for a diseaseas compared to a control group not receiving the treatment; also called a clinicaltrial.CloacaA common tube-like structure through which feces, urine, and reproductive fluids/eggspass in birds, turtles, and other lower vertebrates.Clotting FactorsProtein components in the blood which help it to clot. Clotting is a complexmechanism. In addition to platelets, clot formation is the result of a long chainof chemical reactions carried out by individual molecules called 'clotting factors.'Each factor is numbered such that factor I leads to a reaction with factor IIforming a new substance. This then reacts with factor III and so on to factorXII.ClutchThe uninterrupted series of eggs laid by a hen, usually 2-6 depending on thebird species.CNSCentral nervous system. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves leadingfrom them.CoagulationThe process of clotting.CoagulopathyA condition affecting the blood's ability to form a clot.CoccidiaA one-celled parasite in the category of protozoa. In dogs and cats, coccidiaare generally parasites of the intestinal tract.Cognitive DysfunctionA common medical condition in older dogs that results from abnormal brain function,causing certain behavior changes such as disorientation, housebreaking problems,and changes in sleeping patterns and interactions with others.Cold-BloodedHaving a body temperature that is not regulated internally, but varies with theenvironmental temperature. Turtles, lizards, and snakes are cold-blooded.ColitisAn infection or inflammation of the colon.ColonA part of the digestive tract, specifically the part of large intestine thatextends from the cecum to the rectum.ColostrumThe antibody-rich first milk produced immediately before and after giving birth.ComaBeing in a state of unconsciousness.ComedoA blackhead, usually the result of a plugged gland within the skin.Complete Blood CountA count of the total number of cells in a given amount of blood, including thered and white blood cells; often referred to as a 'CBC,' it is one of the mostcommon tests done to check for abnormalities of the blood.Computerized Tomography Scan (CT Scan)A radiological imaging procedure that uses x-ray pictures to produce "slices" througha patient's body; also called a computerized axial tomography (CAT).ConceptionThe onset of pregnancy, when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus.CongenitalA characteristic of an animal that is present at birth. It may be inherited orinduced by events that occur during pregnancy.ConjunctivaA thin membrane which lines the inside of the eyelids and covers part of theeyeball.ConjunctivitisAn inflammation of the lining of the eyelids; may cause pain, redness, itching,and a discharge.ConstipationA condition in which the movement of food through the digestive system is longerthan normal; often results in hard, dry stool.Contrast AgentsA substance given orally or injected into a patient that makes the affected tissueeasier to identify on an x-ray.ContusionAn injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin; a bruise.CoprophagiaEating dung or fecal matter; normal behavior in some animals, such as rabbits.Core VaccineVaccine which should be given to all animals of certain species, example, parvovirusvaccine in dogs or panleukopenia in cats (see noncore vaccine).CorneaThe clear part of the front of the eye which allows light in.CorticosteroidHormones produced by the adrenal gland which are important to almost every functionof cells and organs. They are divided into two groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.Glucocorticoids regulate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Mineralocorticoidsregulate electrolyte balances.CortisolThe main glucocorticoid; a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland; itis synthesized commercially as hydrocortisone and is used to reduce inflammation.CoumestanEstrogen-like substance produced by certain plants such as alfalfa; types ofphytoestrogen.CoumestralEstrogen-like substances produced by certain plants such as alfalfa; types ofphytoestrogen.CranialA directional term used to refer to the area near the cranium, or head region;opposite of caudal.CropAn organ between the esophagus and stomach of many domestic birds, which servesas a temporary food storage organ.CrustArea of dried fluid or cells on the skin. The fluid may have been blood, serum,pus, or medication.CultureThe process in which a sample of fluid or tissue is taken from an animal andplaced in special media which allows the bacteria, virus, etc., to grow (reproduce)in the laboratory.Cushings DiseaseCushing's disease is also known as hyperadrenocorticism. It is a disease thatresults from an increase in corticosteroid secretion from the adrenal gland.CutaneousRelating to the skin.CyanosisBluish or grayish color to the skin and gums which occurs when the animal hasinsufficient oxygen.CystAn abnormal sac-like structure that is lined with cells which produce a liquidor thick material.CystitisInflammation of the urinary bladder.CytokinesCompounds produced by certain cells, which act as messengers to control the actionof lymphocytes and other cells in an immune response.CytologyThe study of cells; often refers to the microscopic examination of a sample takenfrom the skin or lesion to look for the cause of a condition.CytoplasmSubstances which make up the inside of a cell and surround the nucleus of thecell which contains the genetic material.DDEADrug Enforcement Administration. The federal agency which regulates the manufacture,dispensing, storage, and shipment of controlled substances including medicationswith human abuse potential.DecontaminateRemove injurious material.DefecationThe elimination of feces from the rectum.DehydrationA condition in which the body loses more water than it takes in.DermalRelating to the skin.DermatitisAn inflammation of the skin.DermatophyteFungus that causes ringworm; include Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton.DescentingThe removal of the anal sacs of a carnivore to prevent the animal from releasingthe very strong-smelling secretion.DextroseA commonly used name for glucose (sugar) solutions given intravenously to treatfluid or nutrient loss.Diabetes MellitusA metabolic disease caused by failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, a hormonethat allows blood sugar (glucose) to be taken up by cells that require it forfunction.Diagnostic TestsProcedures run to find the cause of disease or discomfort; tests used to makea diagnosis.DialysisA process which involves removing waste products from the body.DiarrheaA condition in which the movement of food through the digestive system is fasterthan normal; often results in the frequent passing of abnormally loose or waterystool.DiestrusThe stage of the estrus cycle which occurs after the animal goes out of heat(also called Diestrous).Dietary IndiscretionEating what one should not. Dogs with dietary indiscretion eat garbage, deadfish on shore, etc.DigestibilityExpressed as a percent, is a measure of the content of food that is retainedin the body after food is eaten. The difference between the weight of food eatenand the weight of stool produced, divided by the weight of the food.Digestive SystemThe organ system including the mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestines,and various glands that functions to ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients.Digitalis GlycosidesClass of drugs including digitoxin and digoxin, which are drugs derived fromthe Digitalis purpurea plant, and used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.Dilated CardiomyopathyA heart condition in which the heart enlarges, but the heart muscle becomes thinner.DinoflagellateSingle-celled algae, mainly marine and often with a cellulose shell; some speciesmay be luminescent, and some cause the red tides that are extremely toxic tomarine life.DisinfectionThe act of using chemicals or heat to kill germs.DistemperCanine distemper is a viral disease that causes a severe and often fatal systemicillness in dogs and their close relatives. Distemper is also fatal in animalssuch as raccoons, and mustelids including skunks, mink, and ferrets.DiuresisIncrease in urine production.DiureticAgent which increases the secretion of urine, ridding the body of excess fluid.DiurnalActive during the day, opposite of nocturnal, which means active during the night.DNADeoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical compound that occurs in cells and is thebasic structure for genes.Domestic AnimalAn animal that has been housed and fed by man for generations and has littlefear of man as a result. Some domestic animals learn to depend on human provisionso completely that they have little ability to survive if returned to a naturalhabitat.Dry EyeKeratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the technical term for a condition also knownas 'dry eye.' It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptoms includea thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.DuodenumThe first portion of the small intestine extending from the stomach to the jejunum;most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs here.Duration of ImmunityLength of time an animal is protected from a disease. Vaccines for some diseasesprovide long durations of immunity (years), while vaccines for some other diseasesonly provide immunity that lasts for 6 months.DysecdysisAbnormal shedding of the skin in reptiles.DysphagiaDifficulty swallowing.DysplasiaAn abnormal tissue development, common in the bones of the canine.DyspneaShortness of breath.DystociaDifficult birth.DystrophicDisorder caused by incorrect nutrition.DysuriaDifficult or painful urination.EEar CanalThe tube that connects the external ear with the ear drum.Ear DrumThe membrane that divides the outer ear from the inner ear, where the mechanismof hearing takes place. The membrane prevents infection from reaching the innerear, as well as vibrating to amplify sounds.Ear MitesSmall parasitic insects that live in the ear canal of an animal, and that areable to survive outside the ear for only very short periods of time.EcdysisShedding of the external layers of the skin in reptiles.ECGA printout of an analysis of the electrical activity in the heart.EchocardiogramThe image produced by performing an ultrasound examination of the heart.EctoparasiteA parasite that lives on the outside surface or skin of another animal. Ectoparasitesinclude fleas, ticks, lice, and mange mites.EctopicNon-malignant tissue growing in an unusual location (e.g., an ectopic pregnancyis conception of a normal embryo outside the normal location, which is the uterus).EdemaA condition in which the tissues of the body contain too much body fluid. Thefluid accumulation may cause swelling in the affected area.EKGA printout of an analysis of the electrical activity in the heart.ElectrocardiogramA printout of an analysis of the electrical activity in the heart.ElectrocauteryAn instrument with a very hot tip, heated by electricity, is applied to a tissue.Electrocautery may be used to make an incision, remove a mass, or to stop bleeding.ElectrolyteChemically, an element when dissolved in water, will cause the solution to transmitelectricity. In medicine, certain elements in the blood which are criticallyimportant to life, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorous.ElectroretinographyThe recording of electrical changes in the retina of the eye in response to stimulationby light.Elizabethan CollarA large, plastic, cone-shaped collar used on cats, dogs, and birds to preventthem from licking or biting at skin, wound dressings, or casts.EmaciationThe severe loss of body weight; body weight is generally less than 50% of thatin a normal animal.EmesisVomiting.EncephalitisInflammation of the brain; often caused by a virus.EncephalopathyAny degenerative disease of the brain. Causes include liver disease resultingin the buildup of toxic by-products of metabolism, heavy metal (e.g., lead) poisoning,and loss of blood supply.EndocrinePertaining to the secretion of hormones. The endocrine system consists of variousglands which produce hormones.EndoscopeA long flexible instrument which can be passed into the body to view variousstructures through the use of fiber optics.Endotracheal TubeThis tube is placed into the animal's trachea (windpipe) to allow the oxygenand gases to be breathed into the lungs.Enteral FeedingA method to feed an animal in which a tube is placed through the body wall intothe intestine, and a nutritious liquid is forced through the tube into the intestine.EnteritisAn inflammation of the intestines.EnvenomationThe act of injecting a poisonous material (venom).EnzymeEnzymes are special proteins produced by cells which cause chemical changes inother substances, but which are not themselves changed in the process.EosinophilA type of white blood cell that commonly increases in numbers as a response toparasites and allergies.EosinophiliaA condition in which there are more than the usual number of eosinophils in thecirculating blood.EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency. The agency of the federal government which licensespesticides and herbicides.EpidermisThe top layer of the skin.EpiphoraAn overflow of tears upon the cheeks due to a blockage or narrowing of the tearducts.EpistaxisBleeding from the nose.ErosionA shallow defect in the skin. When healed, it will not cause a scar.ErythemaRedness of the skin caused by blood clogging in small blood vessels.ErythrocyteRed blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the tissues.Esophageal RefluxA condition in which stomach contents move backward into the esophagus, i.e.,heartburn.EsophagusThe muscular tube for the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach.EstrogenA female hormone produced by the ovaries, which results in the onset of estrus.EstrusThe time when a female animal is fertile and receptive to the male. Also knownas a heat period.ExophthalmosThe abnormal outward protrusion (bulging) of the eye.ExoticAn animal not native to the geographical area where it is living.Extensor RigidityA condition in which muscles contract and tend to straighten the limb, preventit from relaxing.ExtracranialOriginating external to the cranial (brain) cavity.ExtrahepaticOutside of the liver.FFalse Negative Test ResultThe result of a diagnostic test is negative; but the animal actually doeshave the condition tested for.False Positive Test ResultThe result of a diagnostic test is positive; but the animal actually does nothave the condition tested for.FDAFood and Drug Administration. The federal agency which approves drugs and medicationsfor use in animals and people.FecesBody wastes excreted through the anus from the large intestine; also called stool.FelinePertaining to cats.FetalPertaining to an unborn animal, or fetus.FetusThe developing young in the uterus before birth.Fine Needle AspirateSuction is applied to a hollow needle which has been inserted into tissue anda core of the tissue is withdrawn to culture and/or examine microscopically.First GenerationFirst generation: A description of medications developed from an earlier formof the medication. First generation medications were developed from the originalform of the drug; second generation medications are adaptations of first generationdrugs; third generation drugs are adaptations of second generation, etc.FlatulenceIncreased stomach or intestinal gas.Flea DipA solution made to kill fleas, applied to an animal and not rinsed off, to allowit to have residual action.FluoroscopyAn x-ray procedure in which x-rays are transmitted through the body onto a fluorescentscreen; beneficial in that movement of joints or organ systems can be observed(e.g., the movement of material through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines).FLUTDFeline lower urinary tract disease; a condition in cats characterized by bloodin the urine, urination outside of the litter box, and straining to urinate.The name for this condition was previously called feline urological syndrome(FUS).FollicleThe group of cells in the skin in which a hair or feather develops.Foreign BodyAny abnormal substance within the body. Examples include wood slivers, ingestedcloth or balls, glass in the feet, etc.FractureA break in the bone; generally caused by trauma, twisting, or weakened bone structuredue to disease.Free RadicalAtom which carries an unpaired electron; free radicals can potentially injurecells and may be responsible for numerous age-related diseases.FungicideA drug that kills fungi.FUSFeline urological syndrome; a condition in cats characterized by blood in theurine, urination outside of the litter box, and straining to urinate. The namefor this condition is now called feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD).GGaitThe manner or style of movement; often used to assess horses or dogs forlameness.GastricRelating to the stomach.Gastric LavageTo flush out the stomach.GastritisInflammation of the stomach.GastrointestinalAlso known as GI. Pertaining to the stomach and intestines. The term 'digestivesystem' includes the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, anus, pancreas, and liver.GermsAny microscopic organism that can potentially cause disease; includes viruses,bacteria, and fungi.GestationPregnancy.GingivalRelating to the gums.GingivitisInflammation of the gums.GlaucomaIncreased pressure within the eye caused by an accumulation of fluids; can leadto blindness if left untreated.GlipizideAn oral medication that can be used to control blood glucose levels in some diabeticcats who still have some insulin production.GlomerulusThis literally means a small cluster; commonly used to refer to the renal glomerulus,the area of blood filtering in the kidney.GlucocorticoidHormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate andfat metabolism, and are important to almost every function of cells and organs.They also stabilize cell membranes which is an important part of their functionin treating allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticosteroids.GlucocorticosteroidHormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate andfat metabolism, and are important to almost every function of cells and organs.They also stabilize cell membranes which is an important part of their functionin treating allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticoids.GlucosamineOne of the building blocks the body uses to make new cartilage.GlucosuriaGlucose in the urine. (Also called glycosuria.)GlycogenA storage form of glucose in the body.GlycosaminoglycansCompounds which serve as the building blocks of cartilage, which covers the endsof bones within a joint. Glucosamine and chondroitin are necessary for the bodyto make glycosaminoglycans.GramA measure of weight. 28 grams = 1 oz.; 454 grams = 1 lb.Gram NegativeA classification of bacteria based upon their lack of retention of a certainstain in the laboratory. The staining quality is based on the structure of thecell wall surrounding the bacteria. This structure of the cell wall influenceswhich antibiotics will kill the bacteria. This laboratory staining method wasdeveloped by Hans Gram in 1884.Gram PositiveA classification of bacteria based upon their uptake of a certain stain in thelaboratory. The staining quality is based on the structure of the cell wall surroundingthe bacteria. This structure of the cell wall influences which antibiotics willkill the bacteria. This laboratory staining method was developed by Hans Gramin 1884.GranulomaThe formation of a nodule as a result of inflammation.HH2 AntagonistA compound which binds (attaches) to the area on a cell at which histaminealso binds. By binding at the same site, the antagonist blocks histaminefrom binding and prevents histamine from producing its effects, which includethe production of stomach acid.Half-lifeThe time required for the level of a substance in the body (e.g., a drug or toxin)to be reduced by half.Head PressingPressing the head against a wall or other hard object.Heart BlockA condition in which the electrical impulses of the heart are not properly conductedfrom the atria (chambers which receive the blood) to the ventricles (chamberswhich pump the blood).HeartwormA species of parasitic worm (Dirofilaria immitis) that lives and reproduces inthe chambers of the heart of an animal. Microscopic, immature worms (microfilariae)circulate in the blood and are taken in by mosquitoes that bite the animal. Microfilariaemature in the mouthparts of the mosquito and infect another susceptible animalbitten by the same mosquito.Heinz BodyA condition in which the red blood cells are destroyed and this results in anemia.The specific type of anemia is called 'Heinz body anemia' because the red cellsdevelop an abnormality called a 'Heinz body' which can be seen under the microscope.This anemia can occur as a reaction to certain medications and also in cats whoeat onions.HemangiosarcomaA malignant tumor of the blood vessels, usually occurring in the skin, liver,spleen, right atrium of the heart, and muscle; also called angiosarcoma.HematocritPCV (Packed Cell Volume), hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor relative numberof red blood cells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glasstube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasma and arecompacted at one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examined andthe packed cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellular portionrelative to the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e. remainder being the plasma).The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.HematologyThe study of blood, its physiology and pathology.HematomaA mass of blood within the tissues. Generally, the result of trauma to the bloodvessels or abnormal blood clotting.HematuriaA condition of blood in the urine.HemodialysisA process used to remove waste products from the blood.HemoglobinA protein inside of red blood cells, responsible for the binding and transportof oxygen to the body tissues (Hb).HemolyticCausing the red blood cells to break open.HemoptysisBlood in the sputum.HemorrhageTo bleed excessively; may be the result of injury or blood clotting abnormalities.HemostatA small surgical instrument used to clamp blood vessels to prevent bleeding.HepaticPertaining to the liver.Hepatic FibrosisScarring of the liverHepatitisAn inflammation or infection of the liver.HepatomegalyEnlargement of the liver.HerbivoreAnimal that eats primarily plants and vegetation.HerniaThe protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening.High Titer VaccineA modified live vaccine that contains a higher number of virus particles thanthe 'average' vaccine. High titer vaccines can generally elicit an immune systemresponse in young animals who have a maternal antibody level that would preventthem from responding to an 'average' vaccine.Histamine H2 Receptor AntagonistA compound which binds (attaches) to the area on a cell at which histamine alsobinds. By binding at the same site, the antagonist blocks histamine from bindingand prevents histamine from producing its effects, which include the productionof stomach acid.HobA male ferret.HormoneChemical substance produced by one part of the body which serves as a messengerto or regulator of the processes of another part of the body.HostThe organism in or on which a parasite lives. For example, dogs and cats arehosts for fleas and roundworms.Humoral ImmunityThe immunity that is the result of antibody production by B cells. Compare with'cell-mediated immunity.'HybridAn animal that has parents of two different species, for instance, a mule's motheris a horse and its father is a donkey.HydrocephalusA condition of fluid accumulation in the ventricles (spaces) of the brain; theswelling generally creates pressure on the brain tissues and can cause severedamage if not treated properly.HyperA prefix meaning abnormally high or excessive.HypercalcemiaAn increased level of calcium in the blood.HyperesthesiaAbnormal sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.HyperglycemiaHigher than normal blood glucose level.HyperkalemiaIncreased level of potassium in the blood.HyperphosphatemiaElevated blood phosphate levels.HyperpigmentationAn increased dark color in the skin caused by the pigment 'melanin.'HyperplasiaAn increase of the number of cells within an organ.HyperplasticAbnormal increase in the amount of tissue, e.g., a hyperplastic ear would haveincreased numbers of cells in the ear canal, sometimes to the point of closingoff the ear canal. In prostatic hyperplasia, the prostate enlarges due to anincreased number of normal, not cancerous, cells.HyperreactiveProducing an exaggerated, or greater than normal response to a stimulus.HypersensitiveA type of allergic condition in which the body overreacts to a certain agentsuch as a bee sting or medication.HypertensionBlood pressure above normal.HyperthermiaAn increase in body temperature above normal.HyperthyroidismA condition, more commonly seen in cats, in which the thyroid gland producestoo much thyroid hormone.HypertrophyAn increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to the enlargement of existingcells.HyperventilateAn increase in the rate and/or depth of respiration such that the body losestoo much carbon dioxide.HypoA prefix meaning abnormally low or deficient.HypoglycemiaLower than normal blood glucose level.HypokalemiaLower than normal level of potassium in the blood.HypoplasiaInadequate or defective development of tissue.HypotensionBlood pressure below normal.HypothermiaA decrease in body temperature below normal.HypothyroidismA condition, more common in dogs, in which the thyroid gland does not produceenough thyroid hormone.Hypovitaminosis AA condition in which the body suffers from a deficiency in Vitamin A.HypoxiaLow oxygen level in blood and tissues.IIatrogenicA condition resulting from the action of the doctor; e.g., an allergic reactionresulting from administration of an injection by a veterinarian.IcterusCommonly referred to as jaundice. A yellowing of the tissues, usually as a resultof abnormal liver function.IDDMInsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): A form of diabetes in which so littleinsulin is produced that supplemental insulin must be given for the animal tolive. Also called Type I diabetes mellitus.IdiopathicOf unknown cause.IleusA condition in which there is an absence of muscular contractions of the intestinewhich normally move the food through the system; can result in an intestinalobstruction.Immune systemThe body's defense system which recognizes infectious agents and other 'foreign'compounds (such as pollen), and works to destroy them.Immune-MediatedImmune-mediated reaction or disease: A condition or disease caused by abnormalactivity of the immune system in which the body's immune system either over-reacts(e.g., immune-mediated contact dermatitis) or starts attacking the body itself(e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia). See also autoimmune.ImmunityA condition in which the animal's immune system has been primed and is able toprotect the body from a disease-causing agent such as a certain virus or bacteria.An animal could have immunity to one agent, such as parvovirus, but not haveimmunity to another agent, such as rabies.ImmunizationThe process of rendering an animal protected (immune) against a certain disease.Vaccination is a way to produce immunization. However, just because an animalhas been vaccinated (received a vaccine) does not necessarily mean the animalis immune. If the body did not correctly react to the vaccine or if the vaccinewas defective, immunity would not occur. No vaccine produces immunity in 100%of the population to which it was given. 'Vaccination' is not the same as 'immunization.'ImmunodeficiencyReduced function of the immune system of an animal, making it more susceptibleto infectious disease. Can be an inherited defect or caused by drugs, radiation,or viruses.ImmunostimulantA compound which stimulates the immune system to work more effectively to killbacteria, viruses, or cancer cells.ImmunosuppressiveSomething, for instance a drug, hormone, or virus, that reduces the functionof the immune system of an animal. An animal with reduced function of its immunesystem is called 'immunosuppressed.'IncontinenceThe inability to control the excretion of wastes; generally used to describethe inability to control urination.Incubation periodThe time between the exposure to a disease, causing agent, and the onset of signsof the disease.InfectionThe invasion and replication of microorganisms in tissues of the body; generallycauses disease or local inflammation.Infectious AgentsThe organisms that cause infection; can be viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.InfestationA term used to describe an invasion of parasites.InflammationA condition in which tissue reacts to injury and undergoes changes during thehealing process. As an example, a toe with a sliver of wood in it would be inflamedand show the signs of inflammation which include redness, increased temperature,pain, swelling, and a loss of or disordered function. The toe is swollen, red,hot, painful, and the animal is reluctant to walk on that toe.InfusoriaMicroscopic organisms which are cultured as a food for the fry of freshwaterfish.InheritedA trait passed from one generation to the next in the genes from each parent.InnateA permanent characteristic that is present because of the genetic make-up ofthe animal.Insoluble CarbohydrateAlso, insoluble fiber. Fiber that resists enzymatic digestion in the small intestine.InsulinA hormone produced by the pancreas which is necessary for glucose to be ableto enter the cells of the body and be used for energy.Insulin ResistanceA condition in which the blood glucose level remains higher than it should atan insulin dosage of 2 units/pound of body weight per day in cats.InsulinomaInsulin-producing tumor of the pancreas; the increased production and blood levelof insulin resulting from these tumors can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).Intermediate HostIn the life cycle of some parasites, the immature form of the parasite must passthrough a different type of host (animal, insect, snail, etc.), called the intermediatehost, before it can re-enter and infect the type of animal it came from. An examplewould be heartworms. The adult worm lives in the dog or cat. The immature form,laid by the adult heartworm, is taken up by the mosquito. The immature form developswithin the mosquito, and is then reintroduced into another dog or cat where itdevelops into the mature adult and the cycle repeats itself. The intermediatehost for heartworms, then, is the mosquito.InterstitialBetween parts or within the spaces of tissue.IntestineThe part of the digestive system extending from the stomach to the rectum; includesboth the small and large intestines and functions in the absorption of waterand nutrients; also called bowel or gut.IntracellularAn action taking place within a cell.IntracranialOriginating within the cranial (brain) cavity.IntramuscularInto the muscle (IM).IntranasalInto the nose.IntravenousInto the bloodstream via a vein.IntussusceptionA condition in which one part of the intestine 'telescopes' into another.IrisThe colored portion of the eye is called the iris. As with humans, dogs' iriscolors vary. In the center of the iris is the black opening called the pupil.This opening can be made larger or smaller by muscles called ciliary bodies,that attach to the colored iris, causing it to expand or contract.IsoflavoneAn estrogen-like substance produced by pasture plants; a type of phytoestrogen.JJaundiceThe condition in which there is a buildup of waste products in the body calledbilirubin. Bilirubin is yellow in color, therefore, an animal with jaundicewill have yellow gums, skin (often seen on the inside flap of the ear),and a yellowish cast to the 'whites' of the eyes. It can occur if a largenumber of red blood cells are destroyed, the liver is not functioning normally,or the bile ducts are blocked.JejunumThe longest part of the small intestine extending from the duodenum to the ileum.JillA female ferret.JugularReferring to the neck; specifically, the large jugular veins that return bloodfrom the head and neck to the heart.KKCSKeratoconjunctivitis sicca is the technical term for a condition also knownas 'dry eye.' It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptomsinclude a thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.KeratitisInflammation of the cornea of the eye; may be caused by infection, trauma, oran allergic reaction.Keratoconjunctivitis SiccaKeratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the technical term for a condition also knownas 'dry eye'. It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptoms includea thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.KeratolyticSoftens and loosens crusts and scales on the skin.KetoacidosisA life-threatening condition in which ketones, which result from the breakdownof fat for energy, accumulate in the bloodstream and the pH of the blood decreases.Killed VaccineVaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing viruses (or bacteria),killing them, and putting them into a liquid base. Compare with 'modified livevaccine' and 'recombinant vaccine.'Kinetic SkullHaving mobile joints between various parts of the skull, e.g., being able tounhinge the jaws. This allows the mouth of the animal, e.g., snake, to open widerso that it can eat large prey.KitA baby ferret.LLactatingProducing milk.Large IntestineThe lower part of the intestinal tract, usually made up of the colon, cecum,and rectum. Bacteria that live harmlessly in the large intestine help to digestcomplex carbohydrates.LarvaThe worm-like offspring of an insect (plural larvae).LarynxThe larynx is a muscular tube in the neck that allows air to pass from the throatto the trachea (windpipe). The larynx contains the vocal cords, which allow peopleand animals to make sounds. The larynx has cartilage that opens to allow airinto the trachea.LatentA dormant stage of disease; the patient is infected with an organism, but isnot yet ill.LeptospirosisA bacterial disease that may be exposed to animals through contaminated water or exposure to urine from an infected animal. The Leptospira bacteria may spread to many types of tissues, but tend to be found in the kidneys. Symptoms include fever, joint or muscle pain, decreased appetite, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea, frequent urination which may be followed by lack of urination, discharge from nose and eyes and yellowing of the gums, membranes around the eyes and skin.LeukopeniaA condition in which the numbers of white blood cells in the blood are lowerthan normal.LichenificationThickening and hardening of the skin.LipaseDigestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which breaks down fat.LiverThe largest organ in the abdomen, responsible for producing enzymes requiredfor digestion of food, and bile that helps to digest fat. The liver also detoxifiesthe blood and may be damaged in the process.Low passage vaccineA low passage vaccine contains virus particles which have been attenuated, orweakened, less than those in the 'average' vaccine. Low passage vaccines cangenerally elicit an immune system response in young animals who have a maternalantibody level that would prevent them from responding to an 'average' vaccine.Lymph NodesPart of the immune system of an animal. Small masses of tissue that contain whiteblood cells called lymphocytes. Blood from the nearby area is filtered throughthe lymph node allowing foreign or infectious material to be recognized and destroyedif possible.LymphocytesThe class of cells in the body which are responsible for mounting an immune response.Two main types are B cells and T cells.LymphokinesChemicals produced by T lymphocytes. Some lymphokines signal macrophages andother phagocytes to destroy foreign invaders.MMacrophageA type of phagocyte (cell in the body which 'eats' damaged cells and foreignsubstances such as virus and bacteria).Malabsorption syndromeMaldigestion syndrome: A condition involving the intestine in which food maynot be properly digested or the nutrients not absorbed.MalignantA process that does harm to nearby tissues. Usually synonymous with cancer, atumor that grows quickly and spreads into other tissues.MalnutritionIll health due to dietary deficiency or imbalance.MammaryPertaining to the breast.MandibleLower jaw.MangeAny of several skin and ear conditions caused by a variety of mites.MAOIsMonoamine oxidase inhibitors. Substances that inactivate the enzyme monoamineoxidase which regulates certain transmitter chemicals between nerves. These compoundsinclude certain types of antidepressants and also insecticides containing amitraz(such as Mitaban and Preventic collars).MarsupialAn order of mammals including kangaroos, opossums, and sugar gliders in whichthe female has a pouch on the abdomen which holds the young and has nipples forthe young to nurse.Mast cell TumorA nodular growth, usually on the skin, which involves cells (mast cells) whichcontain large amounts of histamine and normally play a role in allergic reactions.All mast cell tumors in dogs should be considered potentially malignant.MasticateChew.MastitisAn infection or inflammation of the mammary glands.Maternal AntibodyAntibody in a newborn animal which the newborn acquired through the placentaor colostrum (the first milk).MealWhen referring to food ingredients, meal means a ground-up preparation. Chickenmeal is ground up chicken, which might include bones and feathers. Meat mealmeans ground up muscle meat.Median Survival TimeTime at which 50% of the animals had died.MegacolonA condition in which the colon enlarges and dilates, which results in feces accumulatingin the colon. Constipation then occurs. This condition is more common in catsthan dogs.MelenaDarkening of the stool due to the presence of digested blood, which indicatesbleeding is occurring in the stomach and/or beginning of the small intestine.The feces generally look black and tarry.Memory(Immunologic) Memory: When an animal mounts an immune response against a foreignsubstance, some cells are created to 'remember' the antigens on that substance.If the animal is again exposed to the substance, these cells will help the bodyrespond much faster and to a higher degree.Metabolic AcidosisA condition in which the pH of the blood is too acidic because of the productionof certain types of acids.MetabolizeTo have molecules transformed within the body tissue through chemical processes.Metabolize Energy (ME)(ME) is the net energy available to an animal from a certain food.MetacarpusThe front limb between the carpus and the phalanges (toes).MetastasisSpread of a tumor from its original location to a remote one, by tumor cellsthat are carried in the blood.MetatarsusThe part of the rear limb between the tarsus and the phalanges (toes).MethemoglobinAn altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen.MethemoglobinemiaA condition of the blood in which there are large amounts of methemoglobin whichis an altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen.MicrofilaremiaThe presence of microfilariae in the blood.MicrofilariaThe larval form of some parasitic worms, for example heartworms. These wormsdo not lay eggs, they produce microfilariae (plural of microfilaria) instead.MicrofilaricideCompound which kills microfilaria, the immature forms of heartworms which circulatein the blood.MicroorganismA single-celled life form that is invisible to the naked eye and that may causedisease in man or animals.MineralizationThe process in which minerals are laid down within tissue in an abnormal patterncausing a hardening of the tissue.MineralocorticoidsHormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate the amounts of sodium,potassium, and chloride in the blood.MiticideAn agent that kills mites.MitochondriaParts of the cell which are responsible for providing the cell with energy.mLShort for milliliter. A liquid measure, the same volume as a cc. 28 mL = 1 liquidoz.Modified Live VaccineVaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing virus and altering(attenuating) it in a laboratory to a non-disease causing virus. Compare with'killed vaccine' and 'recombinant vaccine.'Monoamine oxidase inhibitor(MAOI): Substances that inactivate the enzyme monoamine oxidase which regulatescertain transmitter chemicals between nerves. These compounds include certaintypes of antidepressants and also insecticides containing amitraz (such as Mitabanand Preventic collars).Monovalent VaccineA vaccine that is manufactured to stimulate the body to produce protection againstonly one disease, e.g., rabies vaccine. Compare with 'multivalent vaccine.'MotilityMovement, e.g., intestinal motility is the muscular contractions of the intestineswhich move the food from the stomach to the anus.MucolyticBreaks down mucous.MucopolysaccharideA carbohydrate which also contains a hexosamine molecule and is a component ofmucous.MucosaSpecialized membrane which covers various passages and cavities exposed to theair such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids, vagina. Examinationof the mucous membranes can provide important information: if they are dry, theanimal is likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic or in shock;yellow, and the animal is said to jaundiced due to accumulation of waste productswhich should be eliminated by the liver. Mucous membranes.Mucous MembranesSpecialized membrane which covers various passages and cavities exposed to theair such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids, vagina. Examinationof the mucous membranes can provide important information: if they are dry, theanimal is likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic or in shock;yellow, and the animal is said to be jaundiced due to accumulation of waste productswhich should be eliminated by the liver.Multivalent VaccineA vaccine that combines two or more components to stimulate the body to produceprotection against all the components. Most 'distemper' vaccines for puppiesare of the multivalent type, and commonly include distemper, parvovirus, adenoviruscough, hepatitis, and parainfluenza. Compare with 'monovalent' vaccine.MusculoskeletalPertaining to the muscles and skeleton.Myasthenia GravisMyasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease in which there is a failure of thenerves' ability to stimulate and control the actions of certain muscles.MycosisDisease caused by a fungus such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and ringworm.MydriasisSmall pupil size.MyelogramRadiograph (x-ray) of the spinal cord taken after a contrasting dye has beeninjected into the space around the spinal cord.MyocardiumThe middle layer of heart muscle.NNaupliiNewly hatched brine shrimp.NebulizeConvert into a fine spray form.NecropsyPostmortem examination.NecrosisThe death and breakdown of cells.NematodesA common name for any roundworm of the phylum Nematoda.NeoplasiaAbnormal growth and accumulation of cells. Neoplasias may be benign or malignant.NephropathyAny disease or abnormal functioning of the kidney.NephrotoxicDestructive to kidney cells.NeuropathyAbnormal functioning of nerves.NeurotransmitterChemical used as a messenger from one nerve cell to another.NeuterSterilization by surgical removal of the testicles of a male animal or ovariesof a female animal.NeutralizeTo change from acidic or alkaline to a neutral pH.NIDDMNon-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): A type of diabetes mellitusin which although the blood glucose levels are higher than normal, they are notimmediately life-threatening, and the animal can survive without supplementalinsulin. Also called Type II diabetes.NocturnalAnimals that are active during the night and sleep during the day.NoduleSolid bump or lump in the skin that is over 1/3 inch in diameter.Non-Steroidal Anti-InflammatoryNSAIDS: Agents which reduce inflammation, but are not in the class of drugs knownas steroids. Examples include aspirin, Rimadyl, and phenylbutazone.Noncore VaccineVaccine which should only be given to animals at increased risk of exposure toa disease, example, leptospirosis in dogs or feline leukemia in cats (see corevaccine).NonpathogenicNot causing disease. Some bacteria, such as those that normally live in an animal'sintestines, are nonpathogenic.NonsepticA condition not caused by an infection. For example, septic arthritis is causedby an infection with bacteria, yeast, or other agent; a case of nonseptic arthritismay be caused by injury or cancer.Nucleated ErythrocytesImmature form of red blood cells.NutraceuticalA very broad term describing certain components in food (plant or animal) ornutritional supplements, which contain substances normally present in the bodythat aid in the proper functioning of body systems.NutrientCompounds in foods which are essential for life. Nutrients include protein, fats,vitamins, minerals, etc.NystagmusConstant involuntary movement of the eye, often from side to side.OObligate CarnivoreAn animal that requires in its diet nutrients that are found in sufficient quantitiesonly in meat or other animal products.Obsessive CompulsiveA behavioral condition in which a pet repeatedly performs an action out of context.It is thought that the behavior is an expression of stress, frustration and/orconflict. Certain breeds are more prone to these behaviors. The behaviors includetail-chasing, some cases of excessive barking, continual licking, and bitingthe air as if snapping at an invisible fly.OccultIndicating a disease or condition that is clinically not apparent.OcularRelating to the eye.Off LabelTerm used to describe the use of a medication for a condition for which it wasnot FDA approved. A large number of medications used in veterinary medicine areused 'off label.' If veterinarians only used FDA approved medications, optionsfor treatments of certain conditions would be severely limited or nonexistent.The safety and efficacy of off-label uses of medications is often determinedin university research settings, but the manufacturer of the drug does submitthe results or go through the elaborate FDA approval process.OffalAnimal organs rejected at slaughter as unfit for human consumption, e.g., spleen,intestine, brain, lungs.OmnivoreAnimal that eats both flesh and plants.OpioidNarcotic drug which has an activity similar to that of opium.Oral HypoglycemicA medication, given by mouth, which lowers the level of glucose in the blood.Example: glipizide.Osmotic DiureticA compound that increases the amount of urine formed and rids the body of excessfluid by being filtered through the kidney into the urine in concentrated amountsand carrying water with it.OsteomyelitisAn inflammation and infection of the bone.OticPertaining to the ear.OtotoxicDestructive to the structures of the ear.Over the CounterCan be purchased without a prescription, like aspirin and vitamins.OvulateThe release of an egg from the ovary of the female.OxidizeTo combine with oxygen.OxytocinA hormone that stimulates milk flow in lactating mammals (females nursing theiryoung), and contractions of the muscles of the reproductive tract in many species.PPacked Cell Volume(PCV), hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor the relative number of red bloodcells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glass tube andspun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasma and are compactedat one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examined and the packedcell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellular portion relativeto the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e., remainder being the plasma).The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.PalatableTasty; refers to food that is readily accepted.PalpationTo examine with the hands or fingers.PancreatitisInflammation of the pancreas, a severe and sometimes life threatening diseaseoften associated with eating fatty foods. Symptoms include vomiting and a painfulabdomen.PannusA chronic condition of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea(the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened;it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition is also called chronicsuperficial keratitis.PapuleSolid bump on the skin, less than 1/3 inch in diameter.ParalysisLoss of motor function (movement) in a certain part of the body. Paralysis maybe flaccid, in which muscles are weak and have little or no tone; or spastic,in which the muscles are tight.ParasiticideMedication formulated to kill parasites.ParasympatheticThe portion of the nervous system which stimulates the pancreas to produce digestiveenzymes and stimulates many of the smooth muscles in the body including thoseof the stomach and intestine. It also tends to slow the heart rate.ParenterallyA term used to describe the administration of a drug by means other than by mouth.ParesisSlight or incomplete paralysis.ParthenogenesisA form of reproduction in which the egg develops into a new individual withoutfertilization by sperm. Parthenogenesis has been observed in many lower animals,including some snails and insects.ParturitionThe act of giving birth.Passive ImmunityImmunity produced by providing an animal with antibodies or immunologic cellsfrom another source, such as colostrum. Compare with 'active immunity.'PathogenicCausing disease.PathologistA specialist in veterinary medicine who examines the changes in body tissuesand organs caused by disease.PCVPacked cell volume. PCV, hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor the relativenumber of red blood cells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in atiny glass tube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasmaand are compacted at one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examinedand the packed cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellularportion relative to the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e., remainder beingthe plasma). The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.PediculosisAn infestation of lice.PenicillinaseAn enzyme produced by some bacteria which inactivates certain types of penicillinthus making the bacteria resistant to them.Perianal FistulaA deep infection around the anus which often results in ulcers and deep draining tracts, most commonly seen in German Shepherds.PerinealThe area between the anus and the genital organs.Peritoneal DialysisA process used to remove waste products from the body. Electrolyte fluids are administered into the abdomen, waste products of the body enter the fluids, and then the fluids are removed.PeritoneumThe membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity.PeritonitisInflammation of the lining of the abdomen.PhagocyteCell in the body which 'eats' damaged cells and foreign substances such as virusand bacteria. A macrophage is a type of phagocyte.PhalangesToes.PheromoneChemical secreted by an animal and sensed by another animal of the same species,and often causing behavior change in that animal.PhotoperiodThe number of hours of light per 24-hour period.PhotosensitivityA condition in which the skin reacts abnormally to light, especially ultravioletlight or sunlight. It is usually caused by the interaction of light with certainchemicals in the skin such as antibiotics, other medications, hormones, or toxins.PhytochemicalSubstances in plants which affect a body system and may promote health and decreasethe risk of a disease such as cancer.PhytoestrogenSubstances which have an activity similar to estrogens and are produced by plants.PicaCraving to eat unnatural articles such as rocks or dirt.PlaceboA substance which is given that has no therapeutic value; often called a 'dummypill' or 'sugar pill.' Often given to half of the patients in a trial of a newdrug, to better assess the effectiveness of the new drug.Plantigrade StanceStanding and walking with the hocks on or almost touching the floor.PlaqueA build-up of bacteria, saliva, and food on the teeth. See also Tartar.PlastronThe lower hard shell-like structure which protects the abdomen of a turtle ortortoise.PlateletsCellular components found in the blood which help clots to form. In the body,microscopically small vessels often break in the normal course of events. Plateletsand a protein called fibrinogen 'plug' the break in the vessel and prevent bloodfrom leaking out.PolyarthritisArthritis which involves two or more joints.PolydactylThe presence of extra toes.PolydipsiaExcessive thirst resulting in excessive drinking.PolyestrousDuring one sexual season, continuing to come into heat if not bred. Cats arepolyestrous, dogs are not.PolypA small growth from mucous membranes such as those lining the nasal cavity andintestinal tract.PolyphagiaExcessive ingestion of food.PolyuriaExcessive urination.PosteriorPositioned in back of another body part, or towards the rear half of the animal.Opposite of anterior.PostoperativeAfter surgery.PrepuceThe sheath of skin which covers the penis.ProestrusThe stage of the estrus cycle, right before an animal comes into heat.ProgesteroneA hormone produced by the ovaries which is responsible for the continuation ofpregnancy.PrognosisThe forecasted outcome and recovery.ProlactinHormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of mammarytissue and the production of milk.Prolapsed RectumBecause of irritation or injury, the inner part of the rectum is pushed out sothat it is visible as a pink mass protruding from the anal opening.ProstaglandinSeveral types of chemicals made by cells which have specific functions such ascontrolling body temperature, stimulating smooth muscle, and influencing heatcycles.ProteaseEnzyme which breaks down protein.ProtozoansSingle-celled animals invisible to the naked eye. Most are free living and afew are parasites in animals or man.PruritusItching.PsittacineBirds that belong to the order Psittaciformes. Common psittacines include budgies,cockatiels, lories, cockatoos, conures, amazons, African greys, lovebirds, senegals,and jardines.PulmonaryRelating to the lungs.Pulmonary ArteriesThe large vessels leading from the heart to the lungs.Pulmonary EdemaFluid accumulation in the lungs.Pulmonary EmboliPulmonary embolism: Blood clot that travels to the blood vessels in the lungand obstructs them.PupaA dormant form of an insect (plural pupae). A larva spins a cocoon to protectitself, and becomes a pupa. The pupa does not feed, but gradually changes formand becomes a new adult.PustuleSmall elevated area on the skin filled with pus.PyloroduodenalAn obstruction in the area where the stomach and small intestine meet.PyodermaAn infection of the skin; usually the result of a bacterial invasion.PyometraAn infection of the uterus.QQueenA female cat used for breeding.QueeningIn cats, the act of giving birth.RRabiesA fatal virus disease of warm blooded animals including man, that affectsthe brain and is spread in the saliva of infected animals. Rabid animalshave a temperament change. Wild creatures become bold enough to attackhuman beings, and docile domestic animals may turn on their owners.RadiologyX-ray.Reagent GradeA compound with the purity and quality that allows it to be used in a laboratory.Recombinant VaccineThere are certain antigens on viruses and bacteria which are better at stimulatingan antibody response by the animal than others. The genes for these antigenscan be isolated, and made to produce large quantities of the antigens they codefor. A recombinant vaccine contains these antigens, not the whole organism. Comparewith 'modified live vaccine' and 'killed vaccine.'RecumbencyLying down.Reflex OvulatorOnly ovulating after being bred. Cats are reflex ovulators, dogs are not.RegulationUsing insulin to maintain the blood glucose level of an animal within the acceptablerange.RegurgitationExpelling food from the esophagus.RenalPertaining to the kidneys.Renal InsufficiencyThe decreased ability of the kidneys to rid the body of wastes.ResistanceA term used to describe bacteria which have mutated or changed so they are notaffected by an antibiotic that previously killed them or slowed their growth.As more bacteria become resistant to various antibiotics, there are fewer antibioticswhich will have an effect on them, thus newer and stronger antibiotics will needto be developed. Inappropriate use of antibiotics (using them too often, fortoo short a duration or in insufficient dose) may promote the development ofresistance.ResorptionIn pregnancy, a condition in which the fetus dies, and instead of being aborted,the fetal tissue dissolves within the uterus and is absorbed by the mother. Themother will show no outward signs of a fetal resorption.RespiratoryRelating to breathing or the lungs.Respiratory DepressionDecrease in the rate or depth of respiration.RetinaThe rear interior surface of the eyeball is called the retina. The retina containsnerve cells referred to as rods and cones. The rods are sensitive to light andthe cones to color. The retina receives the light and color and converts theminto nerve impulses which go to the brain.RingwormA type of fungal infection of the skin.SScaleAccumulation of loose fragments of the top layer of the skin.Schiff-Scherrington PostureA condition, caused by a lesion in the spinal cord, in which the front legs areheld rigid and straight, and the rear legs are weak or paralyzed. Sometimes,the neck may be hyperextended, with the head held up and over the back.SclerosisA hardening of tissue, usually the result of chronic inflammation.ScuteIn turtles and tortoises, the plates which cover the bony portion of the shell.In snakes, the larger, thicker scales on the underside of the body which providesupport, protection, and traction.Sebaceous AdenitisInflammation of a sebaceous (oil-producing) gland. In dogs, sebaceous glandsare found on the top of the tail near its base, and at the junction of mucousmembranes with skin. In cats, these glands are found on the chin, lip margins,and the top of the tail.Sebaceous GlandA gland in the skin which produces an oily substance.Second GenerationA description of medications developed from an earlier form of the medication.First generation medications were developed from the original form of the drug;second generation medications are adaptations of first generation drugs; thirdgeneration drugs are adaptations of second generation, etc.Secondary InfectionInfection which occurs because the tissue and its natural defenses have beendamaged by another condition.Secondary ResponseThe faster and greater immune response produced by an animal who has previouslyencountered that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for this moreefficient response. Also called 'anamnestic response.'Seizure ThresholdThe level of stimulation at which a seizure is produced. Raising the seizurethreshold makes it less likely a seizure will occur.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor(SSRIs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Medications which slow downthe ability of nerve cells to absorb serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemicalthat serves as a messenger between nerves). Example: Prozac.Separation AnxietyA behavioral condition in which the pet becomes anxious when separated from theowner. Dogs with separation anxiety tend to 'shadow' their owners, greet themexuberantly when they return after being gone, and sometimes vocalize, chew destructively,and urinate or defecate when separated from their owners.SepsisThe presence of toxins in the blood or other tissues; the toxins are producedby bacteria or other microorganisms.SepticA condition caused by an infection e.g., with bacteria or fungi, or toxins theyproduce.SepticemiaA disease affecting many organ systems due to toxins in the blood which are releasedby bacteria or other microorganisms. Signs include fever, pinpoint bruises onmucous membranes, and lesions in the joints, heart valves, eyes, or other organs.SerologyLaboratory testing for antibody-antigen reactions and antibody levels.SerotypeA subdivision of a species of microorganism, e.g., a bacteria, based upon itsparticular antigens.SerousThin and watery.SerumThe fluid portion of the blood after it has clotted and the cells have been removed.SheddingShedding (of organisms): A term used to describe the release of organisms (bacteria,protozoa, viruses) into the environment from an infected animal. The organismsmay be in the stool, urine, respiratory secretions, or vaginal discharges. The'shedding' animal may or may not be showing symptoms of disease.Skin CytologyExamination, with a microscope, of a skin scraping or material from swabbingthe skin. The material may be stained and checked for the presence of yeast,bacteria, tumor cells, etc.Skin ScrapingScraping some material from the surface of the skin and looking at it under amicroscope, e.g., to check for skin mites.Smooth MuscleThe type of muscle found in the internal organs such as stomach and intestines(not the heart).Soluble CarbohydrateAlso, soluble fiber. Easily digested carbohydrates like starch.SomnolenceSleepiness, a condition of semiconsciousness approaching coma.Somogyi EffectA condition in which the blood glucose level increases if too much insulin isgiven. It occurs when insulin causes the blood glucose level to go so low itstimulates the production of other hormones in the body such as epinephrine,which promote the breakdown of glycogen (the chemical compound which the bodyuses to store glucose) and increases the blood glucose level above normal. Itis also called rebound hyperglycemia or insulin-induced hyperglycemia.SpaySterilization by surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus of a female animal.SphincterA ring-like band of muscle that constricts a passage or closes an opening, e.g.,the anal sphincter constricts to close the anus and relaxes when the animal ispassing stool. The urethral sphincter closes the urinary bladder.SpirocheteA type of bacteria which is long, slender, and assumes a spiral shape. Leptospiraspecies and the bacteria that causes Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) arespirochetes.SpleenPart of the immune system of an animal. A large, tongue-shaped organ in the abdomencontaining many lymphocytes. The spleen filters blood and removes damaged cells.It can also manufacture new blood cells if the animal's bone marrow is damaged.SquamateScaly-bodied reptile including lizards and snakes.SSRISelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Medications which slow down the abilityof nerve cells to absorb serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemical that servesas a messenger between nerves). Example: Prozac.StasisIn the gastrointestinal tract, a condition in which the food does not move throughnormally, but remains in one section, e.g., food does not pass from the stomachinto the intestine.Status EpilepticusA condition in which the animal exhibits one severe (Grand Mal) seizure rightafter another, with no time to recover in-between.StenosisThe narrowing of an organ of passage such as a blood vessel or intestine.Stress-Induced HyperglycemiaA condition in cats in which the blood glucose level becomes abnormally highwhen the animal is stressed, e.g., in the veterinarian's office.StrictureThe narrowing of an organ of passage such as a blood vessel or intestine.StruviteA chemical compound, magnesium ammonium phosphate, which is made by the bodyand can form crystals and stones in the urinary bladder.SubcutaneousUnder the skin; often called 'sub Q.'SubluxationA partial dislocation of a joint in which the bones become out of alignment,but the joint itself is still intact.SubstrateRelative to the husbandry of reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals, the substrateis the material that lines the bottom of a cage.SulfonamidesA class of antibiotics which contain sulfur. They are bacteriostatic (they stopthe growth (reproduction) of bacteria, but do NOT kill them).SuperfecundationHaving a litter with more than one father (or breeding).Supraventricular TachycardiaA condition in which the heart beats very rapidly because of signals coming fromthe atria (chambers of the heart that receive the blood) or near the junctionof the atria with the ventricles (the chambers of the heart that pump the bloodto the body or lungs).SympathomimeticProducing effects similar to the 'flight or fight' response, which means thebody is alerted to a danger of some sort and prepares to basically run or fight.Sympathomimetic effects include increased heart rate, sweating, and increasedblood pressure.SyncopeThe temporary loss of consciousness; fainting.SynergistAn agent that enhances the action of another.SynovialPertaining to a joint made up of bone ends covered with cartilage, ligaments,a cavity filled with synovial fluid (joint fluid) and an outside fibrous capsule,e.g., hip joint, elbow joint.SystemicThroughout the body.TT CellAlso called 'T lymphocytes.' The type of lymphocyte which is responsiblefor cell-mediated immunity. T cells may directly kill a cell or producechemicals called lymphokines that activate macrophages which will killthe cell. Compare with 'B cell.'TachycardiaAn abnormally high heart rate.TachypneaRapid breathing.TarsusThe ankle (rear leg) of dogs and cats; also called the hock.TartarA build-up of bacteria, saliva, and food on the teeth which becomes mineralized,forming a hard coating and eventually causing gum disease and tooth loss. Seealso 'Plaque.'Temporomandibular JointThe joint between the lower jaw and the skull.Third GenerationA description of medications developed from an earlier form of the medication.First generation medications were developed from the original form of the drug;second generation medications are adaptations of first generation drugs; thirdgeneration drugs are adaptations of second generation, etc.ThrombocytopeniaA lower than normal number of platelets in the blood. Platelets, which are actuallyfragments of specific types of cells, are necessary for blood to clot. Signsof thrombocytopenia include bruising and bleeding from the nose, into the gastrointestinaltract, etc.Thyrotropin Releasing HormoneHormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to producethyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH), which in turn stimulates the thyroidgland to produce thyroid hormone. Also called TSH releasing factor or TSH releasinghormone.TissueA group of specialized cells that together perform a particular function, e.g.,muscle tissue, nerve tissue, bone.TiterA measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood. The test to measure antibodiesis usually performed by making a number of dilutions of the blood and then measuringat what dilution there is sufficient antibody to react in the test. For example,a titer of 1:8 (one to eight) means the blood can be diluted to one part bloodand seven parts saline and still produce a positive reaction in the test. Thehigher the titer (1:16 is higher than 1:8), the more antibody is present. (NOTE:The word 'titer' may also be used when discussing the amount of antigen present,e.g., a high titer vaccine has a large number of virus particles.)TopicalTo be used on the skin.TorsionThe twisting of an organ.ToxemiaA condition in which toxins move into the bloodstream.TracheobronchitisInflammation of the trachea and bronchi.TransientTemporary.Transport HostAn animal or insect which carries an immature parasite from one mammalian hostto another.Tricyclic AntidepressantA class of antidepressants which work by decreasing the amount of certain chemicaltransmitters taken up by specific nerve cells. The tricyclic antidepressantsinclude clomipramine, amitriptyline, and nortryptyline and are often used totreat behavioral problems in small animals.TubuleMicroscopic ducts. The tubules in the kidneys help to concentrate the urine.TumorAbnormal growth or swelling; term often used to designate cancer.Type I DiabetesA form of diabetes in which so little insulin is produced that supplemental insulinmust be given for the animal to live. Also called insulin dependent diabetesmellitus (IDDM).Type II DiabetesA type of diabetes mellitus in which although the blood glucose levels are higherthan normal, they are not immediately life-threatening, and the animal can survivewithout supplemental insulin. Also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM).UUlcerA lesion in which the tissue surface is eroded away.UltrasoundUltrasound/ultrasonography: A technique used to get the image of a deep structurewithin the body by directing ultrasound waves at it and recording the reflections(echoes) from it.UmbilicusThe area of the body where the umbilical cord is attached; the belly button.UrateA chemical compound which contains uric acid and is made by the body, and canform crystals and stones in the urinary bladder. Uric acid is a waste productfrom the breakdown of certain proteins.UreaWasteproduct of protein metabolism that is removed from the body by the kidneys.UreaseAn enzyme that breaks down urea. Urea is a wasteproduct of protein metabolismthat is removed from the body by the kidneys.Urinary IncontinenceA phrase used to describe the inability to control urination.Urinary ObstructionA blockage in the urinary system, most often occurring in the urethra, the tubethat leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.Urinary RetentionA condition in which the urinary bladder does not rid itself of all urine itcontains during the process of urination.UrticariaHives; development of small swellings which may itch; usually caused by an allergicreaction.USPUnited States Pharmacopeia - a drug regulating agency.UveitisInflammation of the eye.VVaccinationThe act of giving a vaccine. See also 'immunization,' since the two wordshave different meanings and are often confused.Vaccine FailureA term often used to describe a condition in which an animal who was vaccinatedagainst a disease still gets the disease. In truth, there is usually nothingwrong with the vaccine, but for some reason, the animal's immune system did notadequately react to it.VasculitisInflammation of blood vessels.VasoconstrictionA decrease in the diameter of blood vessels.VasodilatorAgent which dilates, or increases the diameter of blood vessels.Vena CavaEither of two large veins carrying blood to the right atrium of the heart. Thecranial vena cava brings blood from the head region, front legs, and upper chestto the heart; the caudal (or posterior) vena cava carries blood from the areasof the abdomen and hind legs to the heart.VentThe outside opening of the cloaca, which is a common passageway for feces, urine,and reproduction.VentricleThe chambers of the heart that pump the blood to the body or lungs.Ventricular ArrhythmiaA heart condition in which the heart beats irregularly and/or at an abnormalrate because of signals coming from the ventricles (chambers of the heart thatpump the blood).VertebrateAnimal with a vertebral column (spine); includes such animals as fish, birds,turtles, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals.VesicleSmall elevated area on the skin filled with a clear fluid.Vestibular SystemPortions of the inner ear, nerves, and brain which help the body maintain balance.VilliMicroscopic projections which cover the intestine, greatly increasing the surfacearea and therefore, increasing the ability to absorb nutrients. Singular: Villus.VirusThe smallest form of life, invisible with an ordinary microscope. An infectiousunit that enters and uses cells of plants or animals for replication. Some virusescause disease in animals or plants.ViscerocutaneousPertaining to the internal organs and skin.ViscosityThickness of a fluid, e.g., molasses is more viscous than water.Vital SignsThe signs of life which are pulse, respiration, and temperature.VolvulusTwisting of the stomach or intestine, which often has the effect of cutting offthe blood supply to it.Vomeronasal OrganSensory organ also called 'Jacobson's organ,' which detects pheromones.WWarm-BloodedHaving a relatively high body temperature that is regulated internally andis independent of the environmental temperature. Mammals and birds arewarm-blooded.WartBenign growth caused by a virus.WastingLoss of muscle mass due to decreased food intake or increased metabolic rate.WhelpingIn dogs, the act of giving birth.White Blood CellsCells in the blood whose major role is to defend the body against invading organismssuch as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are different types of leukocytes:lymphocytes are part of the immune system; monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophilseat or engulf organisms; basophils contain histamine and are involved in inflammatoryreactions.Window of SusceptibilityA time period in the life of a young animal in which the maternal antibodiesare too low to provide protection against a certain disease, but too high toallow a vaccine to work and produce immunity.XYZZoonoticA disease which can be transmitted between animals and people.